To verify the truth table of 3 input AND gate, OR gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, single input NOT gates, Boolean expressions, and Demorgan’s theorems. Consists of 5V d. c. regulated power supply, 4 push-to-ON switches provided for selecting logic ‘1’ and logic ‘0’, 2 Red LED output indicators, circuit diagram printed for 5 OR, 5 AND, and 4 NOT gates and their respective IC’s placed inside the cabinet and connections brought out at sockets.

An instrumentation amplifier is a switched gain precision operational amplifier. This is used for precise and accurate, low-noise differential signal acquisition. 4mm sockets are used for the input signal. It can be interfaced with a wide range of sensors. It can take small voltage changes from a sensor and make those changes large enough to be measured using CRO. It is not able to drive a low-impedance load such as a loudspeaker or relay. The output can be read on CRO. A digital multimeter may also be used to read the output. With the switched gain of 5 to 1000, it can handle signal inputs over a very wide range making it suitable for almost all applications.

Trainer consisting of Power Supply of +5 V, ± 12 V, each of 250 mA, Silicon, Germanium diodes, Zeners, PNP and NPN Transistors, FET, One speaker, 12 different values of carbon film resistances of ¼ W, ½ W, and 1 watt. 12 assorted values of capacitors from 100 PF to 1000 μF, Integrated Circuit (IC) Base and IC 74LS00 1 No. each. LED, LDR, Photodiode, Solar Cell Logic Switches (4 No.) and LED Indicators (4 No.), etc., 2 mm Interconnection Leads -10 No. and Comprehensive User’s Manual.

Objective: To construct an optical transmitter and transmission the signal through a Fiber Optics Cable. To construct an Optical Receiver and study the Attenuation of Signal when transmitted from Transmitter to the Receiver end. Analog and Digital links can also be studied as this unit is complete with Sine and Square Waves. Bending losses can also be studied.

Features: The instrument comprises of Microphone Preamplifier stages consisting of MIC (Microphone), Preamplifier, and Amplifier (Voice is converted to an electrical signal and then amplified) and fed to an LED (Transmitter) and then through a fiber cable, the signal is sent to Photodetector (Transistor) and again amplifier and output are sent to Speaker Unit. A power supply of +6 VDC is used in Amplifier ckt. 2 No. Fiber Optics cables are provided (one of them is 50 cm long and the other is 100 cm long). One more fiber cable of 50mm length having a connector at one end is also provided. Connectors at both ends of the fiber cable are provided for insertion in sockets provided on the front panel. Bending losses can also be studied in long wires.

Standard: MIC with a 2-meter long lead and a Speaker 4″, 4 ohms are mounted in a vertical box.

Accuracy: with 1 meter-long connecting leads. 2 No. Fiber optic cables having lengths of 50 cm and 100 cm are provided.

Optional: Digital multimeter (3 1/2 Digit, Big size Display) This model also includes a Digital Multimeter and wooden frame for measurement of Numerical aperture i.e. complete in all respect including the facility for the measurement of numerical aperture.

This Instrument is designed to demonstrate the method to transmit signals via. Electromagnetic transmission and to study Frequency Modulation and Demodulation. The whole instrument is placed in the plastic moulded box and 2 mm banana plug leads are provided for modulation and demodulation connections.

Technical Specification:-

• Fixed Output DC Regulated Power Supply of ±12 Volts.
• Built Modulating signal Generator of 2 KHz and 4 KHz selectable with a toggle switch with Amplitude to 3V peak to peak approximately.
• Circuit diagrams for Modulator and Demodulator are printed on the milky white top panel.

This Instrument is designed to demonstrate the method to transmit signals via. Electromagnetic transmission and to study the Phase Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation. The whole instrument is placed in the plastic moulded box and 2 mm banana plug leads are provided for modulation and demodulation connections.

Technical Specification:-

• Fixed Output DC Regulated Power Supplies of ±12V and ±5V.
• Built Carrier wave Generator (Sine Wave) of 5V peak-to-peak amplitude, 22 KHz ±5% Frequency range with output on sockets.
• Built-in Data Generator using IC 7490 with four modulating signal outputs on sockets.
• IC TL084 & IC 7486 are used for the PSK demodulator.
• The circuit diagram is printed on the milky white top panel and important connections are brought out on the sockets.